Christianity/Peace

Mirror Images

Posted on by stephen t berg / 0 Comment

In mimetic theory, it is not differences that ultimately cause violence. It is the erosion and effacement of differences that spawns violence. And of course violence itself further effaces differences. Look at two men in a fight. In their violent embrace they look like images of each other. They in fact become doubles, caught and formed by violence.

That's why, in the face of violence, it is so important to turn away…as Christ said, to turn your cheek. To not look, and so become ensnared and enraged, and so fall into the endless, meaningless, cycles of violence, becoming a mirror image of your antagonist.

I thought about this while reading about our country's system of detaining suspected terrorists indefinitely without charge or trial. A few of these Muslim men have languished in prison now going on four years.

This has me siding with James Loney. You'll remember him as the Christian activist who spent four months in captivity in Iraq. The story reports that Loney is joining a march, the "freedom caravan", to protest this "policy".

James Loney, you see, doesn't see much of a difference between his captivity in Iraq and the Canadian incarceration of these Muslim men. We might want to argue with him about this but he does have experience on his side. And in fact I think he's mostly right about this.

Is it possible that we, at least in principle, are becoming like the ones we are at "war" with? Are we becoming mirror images? I guess I'm just wondering what a people, informed by the gospel of Jesus would do. Is this not at least a legitimate question?

Unfortunately, in light of the discovery and arrest of a terrorist ring in our country, I'm thinking that the resultant new and reawakened fears will avert any chance in changing this "policy".

Atonement/Christianity/Religion

An Open Letter to Christianity Today

Posted on by stephen t berg / 9 Comments

With respect, the following is an Open letter to Christianity Today regarding Pastor Mark Dever’s article, “Nothing But the Blood” (CTeditor@christianitytoday.com)

Mark Dever laments that a growing number of evangelicals believe Christ’s atoning death is merely a grotesque creation of the medieval imagination. Well, this is good news. It means that the sacrificial reading of scripture is finally giving way to Christ’s echo of Hosea, “Go and learn what this means, I desire mercy not sacrifice.”

CT

Pastor Dever sees substitutionary atonement as necessary because of a perceived need for a judicial/forensic transaction in blood that pays for our sin. This, he says, is the essence of Christianity…that without this penal sacrifice, without this substitution of Jesus’ blood for us, we would remain in our sin. This is of course the conventional view, formalized by St. Anselm. But is it true that God (the Father) required appeasement through the blood of his son Jesus?

With the possible exception of Hebrews–an Epistle whose place in the canon was long disputed–no text in the gospels or the New Testament requires a sacrificial interpretation of the Passion. All references to the atonement can be read non-sacrificially.

In this respect it is disappointing that Pastor Dever does not mention, in his walk through the scriptures, any of the passages that work to subvert sacrificial atonement theory. For example, “Sacrifice and offering you do not desire; but you have given me an open ear. Burnt offering and sin offering you have not required (Psalm 40:6).”

Rene Girard, in, “Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World”, shows that it is not legitimate to extrapolate a sacrificial reading, shows that scripture invites a non-sacrificial reading…that in fact all of scripture, culminating in the Gospels, has to do with one grand movement towards bringing to light the mechanisms of sacrificial violence that found our religions.

But because we have been steeped in the sacrificial atonement doctrine, we must go to the text afresh in order to see this. We go with justification. In Girard’s words, “To say that Jesus dies, not as sacrifice, but in order that there may be no more sacrifices, is to recognize in him the word of God: ‘I wish for mercy and not sacrifices.'”

It’s truly disappointing that Mark Dever mentions in passing, and so easily dismisses the work of Rene Girard. To scratch the surface of this anthropologist’s thinking is to understand that the language of sacrificial atonement finally serves not to promote but to undermine every form of sacrifice.

The sweep of Girards hypothesis is immense and devastatingly simple. It locates something that defies exposure because it is so close to all of us. His hypothesis, that the founding principle of all culture and all religion is the scapegoating mechanism (sacrifice, redemptive violence), can be seen in Christ’s parable of the murderous labourers in the vinyard. God made use of this principle (Satan is another possible word for the founding principle.) not in order to sacralize it, as conventional atonement does, but in order to forever expose it. (“I watched Satan fall from heaven like a flash of lightning.” Luke 10)

But if we were listening to what the gospel tells us about God, “But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be children of your Father in heaven (Matthew 5).”, we would have already been wary about attributing any form of violence to God. Penal atonement involves God in violence and subsequently, although perhaps not consciously, has permitted us to justify our own violence. But it was not God whose wrath needed appeasing, it was ours. It was not God who sacrificed his Son, it was us.

Is it true as well that we need this doctrine to save us, as Pastor Dever says, from moralism and legalism? We’ve been inculcated with this version of the atonement for centuries and we’ve not been without our share of legalistic and moralistic Christianity. In fact, legalism and moralism can readily spring from a sacrificial reading of the scripture. That is because substitution-atonement theory provides us with a formula to plug ourselves into. And any doctrine that acts as formula is immediately prone to engender legal and moral codes.

Penal substitution leaves intact the logic of scapegoating violence, the very thing that Christ came to expose and save us from. The logic of the gospel on the other hand, that is, atonement as “liturgy-in-action” (James Alison), God’s self-giving movement towards us–through our subsequent sacrificing of God–undoes all our sacrificial ways. It leaves us with the dizzying freedom of seeing who it is we are, and how we structure our society through scapegoating. It is from this vantage point, and this point alone, that we are finally and radically confronted by our ways of saving ourselves through excluding others. And in this way, as theologian James Alison has shown, the ethical and liturgical are brought together. This was Christ’s “genius”.

Atonement is not something we acknowledge as clandestine pact between Father and Son that saves us. “Atonement” is something we undergo, it is how we are moved from being “slaves to sin”, to being set free from sin.

When we approach the New Testament with “mercy not sacrifice” as our rightful frame of reference, the notion of penal substitution is seen for what it is, something like an Aztec or Greek (“pagan”) notion. On the other hand we gain back a true “Atonement”. That is, a true fulfillment of the priestly-liturgy that always pointed to something radically beyond itself, namely, a “sacrifice” born of love that subverts and unmasks all sacrificing. This frame of reference, “mercy not sacrifice”, is crucial for nothing short of the “rebirth” of Christianity.

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Atonement/Christianity

Toward True Atonement

Posted on by stephen t berg / 1 Comment

When we approach the New Testament with "mercy not sacrifice" as our rightful frame of reference, the notion of penal substitution is seen for what it is–something like an Aztec or Greek ("pagan") notion.

Atonement in this sense is like the Pharmakos. In Ancient Greek religion, Pharmakos (where we get pharmacology) was a kind of scapegoat. Pharmakoi were selected usually because of some physical deformity. They were kept, feed well, until the first day of the Thargelia, a festival of Apollo. Then one was chosen by lot, was led out of the city, and sacrificed as expiation. This would purify the people and the city.

On the other hand true "Atonement" is a fulfillment of the biblical priestly liturgy. This liturgy always pointed to something radically beyond itself, namely, a "sacrifice" born of love that subverts and unmasks all sacrificing.

This frame of reference, "mercy not sacrifice", is crucial for nothing short of the "rebirth" of Christianity.

Christianity

Fact Faith Feeling

Posted on by stephen t berg / 3 Comments

They answered him, “We are descendants of Abraham and have never been slaves to anyone. What do you mean by saying, ‘You will be made free’?”

Some of you may remember a little booklet/tract, called the Four Spiritual Laws. Inside there was a picture of a train. The engine was FACT. The middle car was Faith, and the caboose was Feeling. I remember being sold on the concept. This, I thought, is the way spiritual life operates; or was supposed to operate.

I busied myself with getting all my facts straight. Read all the Josh McDowell, Hal Lindsay, Henry Morris, and Wilber Smith, books. After a few years I discovered that all the facts that could be proved were not that interesting and ones that were, never really touched my life.

I also learned that all the facts that were offered as facts were not as evidently factual as these erstwhile scholars and theologians would have me believe. (Yikes! I'm sounding like Jean Chretien, "A proof is a proof is a proof…) Too many of the conclusions seemed forced rather than revealed. On the other hand, there was mystery and possibility in the "facts" that invited questions. And it was in these soft malleable "facts", or disclosures, where spiritual life seemed to flourish.

I'm older now, I know a great deal less than I did then. But I know I'm not a train. I know that this train never existed and that every attempt at making it run was wind and smoke. It was not the case that in getting all my facts straight, (not a possibility anyway) that they would flow nicely back and prove, convert or strengthen my faith, and then my feelings would happily follow along.

There will never be an absolute metaphor for the way we come to know, and be, and walk with the Spirit. Perhaps the closest metaphor, while always provisional, is biological. An organism is about interrelationships. Faith and feeling and truth are all inter-related. A grand humming matrix. And all intimately and intricately connected to our social and physical environment, our health, the processes of our personality and temperament, even the vagaries of culture. And you can't make a train out of these. (But you can make quit a wonderful soufflé.)

Too many Christians are down on this age. The terms secular humanism, liberalism, and the big one, relativism, come to mind. But this age is our gift. We have the ability, however flawed, to step to the margins and glimpse a social, cultural, religious or philosophical perspective that we couldn't before. 

The gift of postmodernism has weaned us from being strict descendents of the Enlightenment and the Western Christian tradition. While the Enlightenment is still with us, it is dying, and as it does the temptation to slide all the way in the other direction is real.

But the gift of Jesus is freedom. Freedom from the tyranny of absolutism and radical relativism, both of which end in nihilism. It is in relationship with Jesus that I have an opportunity, should I decide to accept it, to recognize my enslavement to my western culture and my religious tradition along with my propensity for violent defense of these and to be receptive to listen to what the Spirit says.